88% of gluten-free kids' foods of poor nutritional quality: Researcher
Despite being associated with a "health halo," gluten-free foods marketed to children are often high in sugar and aren't nutritionally superior to regular products aimed at kids, a study has found.
About 1% of children must avoid foods made with gluten-containing wheat, barley, rye and sometimes oats because of celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder that can cause serious damage to the small intestine.
But some parents opt for gluten-free foods for kids without the condition because they believe the products are healthier, said researcher Charlene Elliott of the University of Calgary.
"For many consumers, gluten-free is the new 'better for you,'" said Elliott, Canada Research Chair in food marketing policy on children's health. "But when you look at the nutritional profile of packaged gluten-free foods, this is not the case."
Parents of children with a gluten intolerance or sensitivity, along with those who purchase gluten-free products for other health reasons, need to carefully assess product labels when making purchases, she said, noting that her study found that about 80% of child-targeted gluten-free products have high sugar levels.
The study, published online Monday in the journal Pediatrics, examined the nutritional content of 374 child-targeted products purchased from two of Calgary's largest supermarket chains, comparing packaged food items deemed gluten-free with those that don't make such a claim.
Elliott found that 88% of the no-gluten products could be classified as having poor nutritional quality due to high levels of sugar, sodium and/or fat, based on criteria from the Pan American Health Organization. Many of these foods also had lower protein levels.
"This makes it challenging for parents of children with gluten intolerance and it also has implications for parents who mistakenly believe that gluten-free will confer health benefits," she said, adding that gluten-free foods are typically more expensive than regular products.
The research was sparked in part by trade and marketing literature showing that gluten-free foods are considered the fastest-growing food-intolerance category. Sales of gluten-free foods are projected to exceed $2 billion by 2020 in the U.S. alone, an increase of almost $400 million since 2015.
"So if you look at the trade literature, gluten-free is a great sort of bandwagon to jump onto because it taps into this trend of 'free-from' foods that consumers are interested in--so free from artificial colours, free from artificial flavours or antibiotics, but also gluten-free," Elliott said.
According to a 2017 report by the Washington-based Hartman Group, which tracks consumer trends, only 6% of consumers who purchase gluten-free products do so because they have an intolerance or sensitivity to the protein.
In a nationally representative survey, more than a third of respondents reported turning to such products because they wanted to "try something new"; 30% because they view such foods as healthier; and 23% because they believe a gluten-free diet will help them lose weight. Nineteen per cent said they were experimenting with a new eating plan, while 14% thought gluten-free foods tasted better.
"So there's this array of other reasons that have absolutely nothing to do with an actual gluten intolerance,'' she said, "but rather have to do with the marketing."
When she first did a study on child-marketed foods more than a decade ago, gluten-free wasn't even a noticeable category, said Elliott.
"But when you look at this dataset, almost one in every five products that we purchased that was aimed at children had a gluten-free claim. That's a huge jump in a fairly short period of time.
"It is important to unsettle the assumption that gluten-free food equals healthy food, which has functioned as an excellent sales tool for the food industry but does little to support public health."