Why empty shelves don't mean we're out of food

Shoppers are facing empty shelves at some stores due to unprecedented demand for food and other goods, even as grocers assure Canadians coping with the COVID-19 outbreak that plenty of new items are on the way and manufacturers say they have the raw materials they need.

READ: Grocers respond to food shortage fears amid COVID-19 outbreak

Temporary shortages are to be expected in spite of a supply chain working in overdrive, experts say, because the system isn't built to predict extreme, large-scale changes in buyer behaviour.

READ: Coronavirus and the rise of panic buying

Shoppers stockpile for a number of reasons, said Mike von Massow, an associate professor at The University of Guelph. Some fear stores may close amid the pandemic. Others buy in bulk with the goal of shopping less frequently to avoid unnecessary exposure.

That means right now, "we are seeing demand-based shortages, not supply-based shortages," he said.

READ: How Canadian grocery is dealing with COVID-19

Shelves keep getting restocked with goods still flowing to the stores. Limited hours have been introduced in part to allow time to unpack and display replacement products.

Canada tends to operate with what's knows as a "just-in-time food system," von Massow said. That means grocers and other stores tend to receive food products just before they are ready to put them in the store.

It's more cost effective for companies than keeping a large surplus that takes up unnecessary space, or storing food that can spoil, which then can't be sold.

"By minimizing inventory, we keep prices lower in the store."

Companies look at historical and recent sales, special events (the Superbowl, for example, may boost demand for avocado as football fans make guacamole for the big game), what influencers are saying about the product and more, said von Massow.

Increasingly, computers crunch the data and make suggestions. A human then looks at these figures and determines if they need to be adjusted up or down. Both manufacturers and grocers will forecast demand, and the level of collaboration and information they share can help make their guesses much more accurate.

This model doesn't work as well during an unexpected and widespread change in shopper behaviour. As the COVID-19 crisis took hold, Canadians purchased toilet paper, cleaning products and other items in droves. Photos of empty store shelves circulated online, further feeding the buying frenzy.

Canada's major grocers have worked to reassure customers there's no food shortage on the horizon as they work with suppliers to keep delivering essentials into their stores and catch up to the demand.

About three-quarters of members of Food & Consumer Products of Canada say they're confident in raw materials supply for two to five months or more, if current trends continue, according to a recent survey of the association's members.

One fifth projected no issues at any time, even with current trends, while just 5% foresaw possible supply issues within one month.

This data supports evidence of a demand-based shortage.

If it were a supply-based shortage, von Massow said, shelves would remain empty because manufacturers can't produce the products or farmers can't grow or raise the food.

The lag in seeing some products reappear on shelves--such as flour or antibacterial wipes--in this case comes from the supply chain catching up to the spike in demand.

READ: Flour demand rises as Canadians turn to baking to get through the pandemic

Giovani Caetano da Silveira, a professor of operations and supply chain management at the University of Calgary's Haskayne School of Business, said Canada's grocery chains have responded well despite the unpredictable spike in demand.

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That may be explained by the number of companies with collaborative, integrated supply chains that were able to respond to the unanticipated demand quickly, as well as a strong, capable logistics network to move the product from the manufacturer to the stores, he said.

"There appears to be quite a good logistics capability here in Canada, in this case,'' he said, particularly for grocery stores and consumer products.